外键的好处:可以使得两张表关联,保证数据的一致性和实现一些级联操作;
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外键的定义语法:
[CONSTRAINT symbol] FOREIGN KEY [id] (index_col_name, ...)
REFERENCES tbl_name (index_col_name, ...)
[ON DELETE {RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | NO ACTION | SET DEFAULT}]
[ON UPDATE {RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | NO ACTION | SET DEFAULT}]
该语法可以在 CREATE TABLE 和 ALTER TABLE 时使用,如果不指定CONSTRAINT symbol,MYSQL会自动生成一个名字。
ON DELETE、ON UPDATE表示事件触发限制,可设参数:
RESTRICT(限制外表中的外键改动)
CASCADE(跟随外键改动)
SET NULL(设空值)
SET DEFAULT(设默认值)
NO ACTION(无动作,默认的)
举个例子,简单演示一下使用,做dage和xiaodi两个表,大哥表是主键,小弟表是外键:
建表:
1CREATE TABLE `dage` (
2 `id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
3 `name` varchar(32) default '',
4 PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
5) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
6
7CREATE TABLE `xiaodi` (
8 `id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
9 `dage_id` int(11) default NULL,
10 `name` varchar(32) default '',
11 PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
12 KEY `dage_id` (`dage_id`),
13 CONSTRAINT `xiaodi_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dage_id`) REFERENCES `dage` (`id`)
14) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1; 插入个大哥:
1mysql> insert into dage(name) values('铜锣湾');
2Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
3mysql> select * from dage;
4+----+--------+
5| id | name |
6+----+--------+
7| 1 | 铜锣湾 |
8+----+--------+
91 row in set (0.00 sec) 插入个小弟:
1mysql> insert into xiaodi(dage_id,name) values(1,'铜锣湾_小弟A');
2Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
3
4mysql> select * from xiaodi;
5+----+---------+--------------+
6| id | dage_id | name |
7+----+---------+--------------+
8| 1 | 1 | 铜锣湾_小弟A |
9+----+---------+--------------+ 把大哥删除:
1mysql> delete from dage where id=1;
2ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`bstar/xiaodi`, CONSTRAINT `xiaodi_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dage_id`) REFERENCES `dage` (`id`))
提示:不行呀,有约束的,大哥下面还有小弟,可不能扔下我们不管呀!
插入一个新的小弟:
1mysql> insert into xiaodi(dage_id,name) values(2,'旺角_小弟A');
2ERROR 1452 (23000): Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails (`bstar/xiaodi`, CONSTRAINT `xiaodi_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dage_id`) REFERENCES `dage` (`id`))
3
提示:小子,想造反呀!你还没大哥呢!
把外键约束增加事件触发限制:
1mysql> show create table xiaodi;
2
3 CONSTRAINT `xiaodi_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dage_id`) REFERENCES `dage` (`id`)
4
5mysql> alter table xiaodi drop foreign key xiaodi_ibfk_1;
6Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
7Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings:
8mysql> alter table xiaodi add foreign key(dage_id) references dage(id) on delete cascade on update cascade;
9Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
10Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 再次试着把大哥删了:
1mysql> delete from dage where id=1;
2Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
3
4mysql> select * from dage;
5Empty set (0.01 sec)
6
7mysql> select * from xiaodi;
8Empty set (0.00 sec)
得,这回对应的小弟也没了,没办法,谁让你跟我on delete cascade了呢!
例子说明的应该蛮清楚了吧,其他功能对应手册自己实践吧!:-)
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